Jak mmapovat vyrovnávací paměť linuxového jádra do uživatelského prostoru?

Minimální spustitelný příklad a test uživatelské oblasti

Modul jádra:

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* min */
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h> /* copy_from_user, copy_to_user */
#include <linux/slab.h>

static const char *filename = "lkmc_mmap";

enum { BUFFER_SIZE = 4 };

struct mmap_info {
    char *data;
};

/* After unmap. */
static void vm_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
    pr_info("vm_close\n");
}

/* First page access. */
static vm_fault_t vm_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
    struct page *page;
    struct mmap_info *info;

    pr_info("vm_fault\n");
    info = (struct mmap_info *)vmf->vma->vm_private_data;
    if (info->data) {
        page = virt_to_page(info->data);
        get_page(page);
        vmf->page = page;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* After mmap. TODO vs mmap, when can this happen at a different time than mmap? */
static void vm_open(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
    pr_info("vm_open\n");
}

static struct vm_operations_struct vm_ops =
{
    .close = vm_close,
    .fault = vm_fault,
    .open = vm_open,
};

static int mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
    pr_info("mmap\n");
    vma->vm_ops = &vm_ops;
    vma->vm_flags |= VM_DONTEXPAND | VM_DONTDUMP;
    vma->vm_private_data = filp->private_data;
    vm_open(vma);
    return 0;
}

static int open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
    struct mmap_info *info;

    pr_info("open\n");
    info = kmalloc(sizeof(struct mmap_info), GFP_KERNEL);
    pr_info("virt_to_phys = 0x%llx\n", (unsigned long long)virt_to_phys((void *)info));
    info->data = (char *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
    memcpy(info->data, "asdf", BUFFER_SIZE);
    filp->private_data = info;
    return 0;
}

static ssize_t read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
    struct mmap_info *info;
    ssize_t ret;

    pr_info("read\n");
    if ((size_t)BUFFER_SIZE <= *off) {
        ret = 0;
    } else {
        info = filp->private_data;
        ret = min(len, (size_t)BUFFER_SIZE - (size_t)*off);
        if (copy_to_user(buf, info->data + *off, ret)) {
            ret = -EFAULT;
        } else {
            *off += ret;
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

static ssize_t write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
    struct mmap_info *info;

    pr_info("write\n");
    info = filp->private_data;
    if (copy_from_user(info->data, buf, min(len, (size_t)BUFFER_SIZE))) {
        return -EFAULT;
    } else {
        return len;
    }
}

static int release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
    struct mmap_info *info;

    pr_info("release\n");
    info = filp->private_data;
    free_page((unsigned long)info->data);
    kfree(info);
    filp->private_data = NULL;
    return 0;
}

static const struct file_operations fops = {
    .mmap = mmap,
    .open = open,
    .release = release,
    .read = read,
    .write = write,
};

static int myinit(void)
{
    proc_create(filename, 0, NULL, &fops);
    return 0;
}

static void myexit(void)
{
    remove_proc_entry(filename, NULL);
}

module_init(myinit)
module_exit(myexit)
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

GitHub upstream.

Test uživatelské země:

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
#include <assert.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h> /* uintmax_t */
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <unistd.h> /* sysconf */

/* Format documented at:
 * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v4.9/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt
 */
typedef struct {
    uint64_t pfn : 54;
    unsigned int soft_dirty : 1;
    unsigned int file_page : 1;
    unsigned int swapped : 1;
    unsigned int present : 1;
} PagemapEntry;

/* Parse the pagemap entry for the given virtual address.
 *
 * @param[out] entry      the parsed entry
 * @param[in]  pagemap_fd file descriptor to an open /proc/pid/pagemap file
 * @param[in]  vaddr      virtual address to get entry for
 * @return                0 for success, 1 for failure
 */
int pagemap_get_entry(PagemapEntry *entry, int pagemap_fd, uintptr_t vaddr)
{
    size_t nread;
    ssize_t ret;
    uint64_t data;

    nread = 0;
    while (nread < sizeof(data)) {
        ret = pread(pagemap_fd, ((uint8_t*)&data) + nread, sizeof(data),
                (vaddr / sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)) * sizeof(data) + nread);
        nread += ret;
        if (ret <= 0) {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    entry->pfn = data & (((uint64_t)1 << 54) - 1);
    entry->soft_dirty = (data >> 54) & 1;
    entry->file_page = (data >> 61) & 1;
    entry->swapped = (data >> 62) & 1;
    entry->present = (data >> 63) & 1;
    return 0;
}

/* Convert the given virtual address to physical using /proc/PID/pagemap.
 *
 * @param[out] paddr physical address
 * @param[in]  pid   process to convert for
 * @param[in] vaddr  virtual address to get entry for
 * @return           0 for success, 1 for failure
 */
int virt_to_phys_user(uintptr_t *paddr, pid_t pid, uintptr_t vaddr)
{
    char pagemap_file[BUFSIZ];
    int pagemap_fd;

    snprintf(pagemap_file, sizeof(pagemap_file), "/proc/%ju/pagemap", (uintmax_t)pid);
    pagemap_fd = open(pagemap_file, O_RDONLY);
    if (pagemap_fd < 0) {
        return 1;
    }
    PagemapEntry entry;
    if (pagemap_get_entry(&entry, pagemap_fd, vaddr)) {
        return 1;
    }
    close(pagemap_fd);
    *paddr = (entry.pfn * sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)) + (vaddr % sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE));
    return 0;
}

enum { BUFFER_SIZE = 4 };

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int fd;
    long page_size;
    char *address1, *address2;
    char buf[BUFFER_SIZE];
    uintptr_t paddr;

    if (argc < 2) {
        printf("Usage: %s <mmap_file>\n", argv[0]);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
    printf("open pathname = %s\n", argv[1]);
    fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("open");
        assert(0);
    }
    printf("fd = %d\n", fd);

    /* mmap twice for double fun. */
    puts("mmap 1");
    address1 = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if (address1 == MAP_FAILED) {
        perror("mmap");
        assert(0);
    }
    puts("mmap 2");
    address2 = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if (address2 == MAP_FAILED) {
        perror("mmap");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    assert(address1 != address2);

    /* Read and modify memory. */
    puts("access 1");
    assert(!strcmp(address1, "asdf"));
    /* vm_fault */
    puts("access 2");
    assert(!strcmp(address2, "asdf"));
    /* vm_fault */
    strcpy(address1, "qwer");
    /* Also modified. So both virtual addresses point to the same physical address. */
    assert(!strcmp(address2, "qwer"));

    /* Check that the physical addresses are the same.
     * They are, but TODO why virt_to_phys on kernel gives a different value? */
    assert(!virt_to_phys_user(&paddr, getpid(), (uintptr_t)address1));
    printf("paddr1 = 0x%jx\n", (uintmax_t)paddr);
    assert(!virt_to_phys_user(&paddr, getpid(), (uintptr_t)address2));
    printf("paddr2 = 0x%jx\n", (uintmax_t)paddr);

    /* Check that modifications made from userland are also visible from the kernel. */
    read(fd, buf, BUFFER_SIZE);
    assert(!memcmp(buf, "qwer", BUFFER_SIZE));

    /* Modify the data from the kernel, and check that the change is visible from userland. */
    write(fd, "zxcv", 4);
    assert(!strcmp(address1, "zxcv"));
    assert(!strcmp(address2, "zxcv"));

    /* Cleanup. */
    puts("munmap 1");
    if (munmap(address1, page_size)) {
        perror("munmap");
        assert(0);
    }
    puts("munmap 2");
    if (munmap(address2, page_size)) {
        perror("munmap");
        assert(0);
    }
    puts("close");
    close(fd);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

GitHub upstream.

Testováno na jádře 5.4.3.

Nejjednodušším způsobem, jak mapovat sadu stránek z jádra ve vaší metodě mmap, je použít k mapování stránek obslužný program chyb. V podstatě skončíte s něčím jako:

static int my_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
    vma->vm_ops = &my_vm_ops;
    return 0;
}

static const struct file_operations my_fops = {
    .owner  = THIS_MODULE,
    .open   = nonseekable_open,
    .mmap   = my_mmap,
    .llseek = no_llseek,
};

(kde ostatní operace se soubory odpovídají tomu, co váš modul potřebuje). Také v my_mmap provádíte jakoukoli kontrolu rozsahu atd., která je potřebná k ověření parametrů mmap.

Poté vm_ops vypadat takto:

static int my_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
    vmf->page = my_page_at_index(vmf->pgoff);
    get_page(vmf->page);

    return 0;
} 

static const struct vm_operations_struct my_vm_ops = {
    .fault      = my_fault
}

kde stačí zjistit pro daný vma / vmf předaný vaší chybové funkci, kterou stránku namapovat do uživatelského prostoru. To závisí na tom, jak přesně váš modul funguje. Například pokud jste to udělali

my_buf = vmalloc_user(MY_BUF_SIZE);

pak by stránka, kterou používáte, byla něco jako

vmalloc_to_page(my_buf + (vmf->pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT));

Ale můžete snadno vytvořit pole a přidělit stránku pro každý záznam, použít kmalloc, cokoliv.

[právě jsem si všiml, že my_fault je trochu zábavný název pro funkci]